Capitalization rules in English

Capitalization rules in English can seem tricky, but they become easier with practice! These rules are important for grammar and syntax, clarity and readability, and for emphasis.

Here’s a breakdown of the main rules.

1. First word of a sentence

Capital letters indicate the start of a new sentence, helping to structure and clarify the flow of text. Always capitalize the first word of a sentence.

• The cat sat on the mat.

2. Proper nouns

Names of people (e.g., “John”), places (e.g., “New York“), organizations (e.g., “Microsoft“), and specific titles (e.g., “President”) are capitalized to distinguish them from common nouns. This helps in identifying specific entities.

• People: John Smith, Marie Curie
• Places: Paris, Mount Everest, Amazon River
• Organizations: United Nations, Google, Red Cross
• Things: iPhone, Coca-Cola, The Lord of the Rings

3. Titles

• Capitalize the first and last words, and all important words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and some conjunctions) in titles of books, articles¹, movies, songs, etc.
  • Example: The Lord of the Rings
• Capitalize a person’s title when it comes before their name.
  • Example: President Washington
• You may capitalize titles of high-ranking government officials even without their names.
  • Example: The President will address the nation.

4. Days of the week, months, and holidays

Capitalize days of the week, months of the year, and holidays.

• Examples: Monday, January, Christmas

5. Compass directions

• Capitalize compass directions when they refer to specific regions.
  • Example: The South of France
• Do not capitalize them when used as general directions.
  • Example: Go south on Main Street.

6. Historical periods and events

• Capitalize names of historical periods and events.
  • Examples: the Renaissance, World War II/WWII

7. Religions and deities

• Capitalize names of religions, deities, and religious figures.
  • Examples: Christianity, God, Buddha

8. Languages and nationalities

• Capitalize names of languages and nationalities.
  • Examples: English, Spanish, American

9. The pronoun “I”

• Always capitalize the pronoun “I.”

10. First word in a quotation

• Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence.
  • Example: He said, “Hello.”

11. Salutations and closings in letters

• Capitalize the first word in a salutation and the first word in a complimentary close.
  • Examples: Dear Mr. Smith, Sincerely,

12. After a colon

• Generally, do not capitalize the first word after a colon unless it begins a complete sentence. You will often see different formats for titles among different styles.
  • Example: I need three things: apples, bananas, and oranges.
  • Example: There is only one way to succeed: Work hard.

Important notes:

• Consistency: Be consistent with capitalization within a single piece of writing. We also call this parallelism in writing.
• Style guides: Different style guides (like AP, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian) may have slightly different rules for certain situations. If you’re writing for a specific publication or institution, follow their style guide.

1. In literary writing or poetic writing, you often have a “literary license” or “poetic license” for style. In other words, the writer can choose to break the rules. For example, the articles on this website and headings have only the first word capitalized but in American English, each word should be capitalized. It was a personal choice because it takes a lot of extra time and looks cumbersome to the author. There are also many different style guides which vary in style. You should always consult your organization or school to find out the proper style (if any) required. However, you should remember that readability is key. Don’t break rules just to break them. If the reader has trouble following the structure, they will likely stop reading. ↩︎