Explaining subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect a dependent (or subordinate) clause to an independent clause in English sentences. Hence, this connection helps in forming complex sentences where one part (the dependent clause) cannot stand alone as a complete sentence but relies on the main clause for meaning. Here’s a breakdown to help explain their usage:
What they do
- Link clauses: They join a dependent clause to an independent clause.
- Show relationship: They indicate the relationship between the two clauses, such as cause, condition, time, contrast, etc.
Common types of subordinating conjunctions
- Time: when, while, before, after, until, since
- Example: “I will call you when I get home.”
- Reason: because, as, since
- Example: “She stayed home because she was sick.”
- Condition: if, unless
- Example: “You can go out if you finish your homework.”
- Contrast: although, though, even though, whereas
- Example: “He went swimming although it was raining.”
- Place: where, wherever
- Example: “I will meet you where the river bends.”
- Manner: as, as if
- Example: “He behaves as if he owns the place.”
How to use them
Placement: The subordinating conjunction usually comes at the beginning of the dependent clause. Remember, this clause cannot stand alone; it needs the independent clause to make sense.
Example: Because it was raining, we stayed inside.
Dependent Clause: “Because it was raining”
Independent Clause: “We stayed inside.”
A comprehensive list
Although – Introduces a contrast between two clauses; despite the fact that.
- Example: Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
As – Can mean “while” or “because”; indicates time or reason.
- Example: As the sun set, the sky turned orange. (Time)
- Example: As he was tired, he went to bed early. (Reason)
Because – Indicates the reason for an action or situation.
- Example: I brought an umbrella because it might rain.
Before – Indicates that one event happens prior to another.
- Example: Finish your homework before you go out to play.
Even though – Similar to “although,” but sometimes used for emphasis.
- Example: Even though he studied hard, he didn’t pass the exam.
If – Introduces a condition or hypothetical situation.
- Example: If I had the time, I would travel more.
Once – Indicates that once something happens, another action follows.
- Example: Once you learn the basics, programming becomes easier.
Since – Can indicate time (from a certain point in the past) or reason.
- Example: I’ve been here since morning. (Time)
- Example: Since you asked, I’ll tell you the truth. (Reason)
Than – Used in comparisons.
- Example: He is taller than his brother.
That – Introduces clauses that are essential to the meaning of the sentence.
- Example: She said that she would be late.
Though – Similar to “although,” introduces a contrast.
- Example: Though it’s cold, he’s wearing shorts.
Unless – Indicates an exception to a previously stated condition.
- Example: You’ll get wet unless you take an umbrella.
Until – Indicates a point in time up to which something continues.
- Example: We waited until the concert ended.
When – Pertains to time; specifies the moment at which something happens.
- Example: When I called, he was out.
Whenever – Indicates any time that a condition is met.
- Example: Whenever it rains, I feel gloomy.
Where – Refers to place or location.
- Example: I want to go where the music is loud.
Whereas – Introduces a contrasting statement.
- Example: He likes tea, whereas I prefer coffee.
Wherever – Indicates any place where a condition is met.
- Example: You can find peace wherever you go in nature.
While – Indicates time (during the time that) or contrast.
- Example: While I enjoy the outdoors, my sister prefers staying in. (Contrast)
- Example: While I was reading, she was cooking. (Time)
These conjunctions help in creating complex sentences by linking a dependent clause to an independent one, providing additional information about time, reason, condition, contrast, etc.
Tips for ESL learners
- Recognize patterns: Pay attention to how native speakers use these conjunctions in conversation or written text.
- Practice: Try constructing sentences where you connect simple ideas into more complex ones using these conjunctions.
- Read aloud: Reading sentences with subordinating conjunctions can help in understanding their rhythm and flow in English.
- Be aware of meaning: Each conjunction has a specific meaning. Choose the right one based on the relationship you want to express between the clauses.
By mastering subordinating conjunctions, you’ll improve your ability to express more detailed and nuanced thoughts in English, enhancing both your written and spoken communication.
Learn more about the different conjunctions in English:
â—¦Types of conjunctions in English
â—¦Conjunctive adverbs
â—¦Coordinating conjunctions
â—¦Correlative conjunctions
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