How to use “to have” in English

“Have” can be confusing for English language learners for several reasons. For learners, these complexities mean that “have” requires a lot of practice in different contexts to master its various forms and uses. This can lead to confusion until the patterns and exceptions become more familiar through exposure and practice.

1. Multiple functions:

• As an auxiliary verb for perfect tenses: “Have” is used to form present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses, which can be complex for learners due to the combination of “have” with past participles (e.g., “I have gone”, “She had seen”).
• Main verb: It also functions as a main verb to indicate possession, relationships, or experiences (e.g., “I have a book”, “He has a sister”, “I have visited Paris”).

2. Irregular conjugation:

Unlike many verbs that follow a regular pattern for conjugation, “have” is irregular. This irregularity can make it hard to memorize compared to verbs that simply add “-s”, “-ed”, or “-ing”.

• Present: I have, you have, he/she/it has, we have, they have.
• Past: had for all persons.
• Present participle: having; past participle: had.

3. Contractions:

• Contractions like “I’ve”, “you’ve”, “he’s”, “she’s”, “we’ve”, and “they’ve” can be confusing, particularly because “he’s” and “she’s” can also mean “he is” or “she is”, adding to the ambiguity.

4. Negative forms:

• The negatives can be confusing with the auxiliary use (“have not” or “haven’t”) versus the main verb use which requires an auxiliary “do” (“do not have” or “don’t have”).

5. Idiomatic expressions:

• “Have” is part of many idiomatic phrases where its meaning isn’t literal (e.g., “have a go”, “have a look”, “have someone over”). These expressions often don’t translate directly into other languages, making them tricky for learners.

6. Distinction between “have to” and “must”:

• “Have to” expresses obligation similarly to “must, ” but subtle differences in usage and formality can be hard to grasp for non-native speakers.

7. Cultural and contextual use

• The use of “have” can vary with social context or politeness, like using “have” instead of “get” in formal situations (“I have a headache” vs. “I got a headache”).

The verb “have” is one of the most common verbs in English, and it can be used in several ways:

As an auxiliary verb to form the perfect tenses:

• Present Perfect: “I have eaten breakfast.”
• Past Perfect: “She had finished her work before the meeting.”
• Future Perfect: “They will have arrived by evening.”

As a main verb:

Possession: “I have a new car.” / “They have three dogs.”
Relationship: “I have a brother.” / “She has many friends.”
Experience: “I have been to France twice.” / “Have you ever seen a whale?”
Obligation or Necessity: “You have to finish your homework.” / “We have got to leave early.”

Conjugation of “have”:
Present: I/you/we/they have — He/she/it has
Past: I/he/she/it/you/we/they had
Future: I/he/she/it/you/we/they will have
-ing form: Having (e.g., “Having finished, she left.”)

Modal uses:
Have to can be used to express obligation:
“I have to go now.” (similar to “must”)
Have got to is informal and used in the same way:
“You’ve got to see this movie.”

Negative forms:
Present Simple: “I do not have” or “I don’t have.”
Present Perfect: “I have not seen” or “I haven’t seen.”

Questions:
Present: “Do you have a pen?”
Present Perfect: “Have you finished?”

Idiomatic uses:
Have on (wear): “What do you have on today?”
Have over (invite to one’s home): “We’re having some friends over for dinner.”